Oleh Soskin,
Institute of Society Transformation Director
The article outlines and analyzes the main vectors of globalization-civilizational changes in the global environment and their impact on the development of national economies, the author presents his own approach to classification and prospects of development of modern civilization, disclosed the nature and Euro-Atlantic civilization brought to its membership of Ukraine, offered practical mechanisms of adaptation of Ukrainian economic development model adaptation to the on-going civilization and global changes in the world dimension.
Keywords: economic model of Ukraine, globalization, civilization, Euro-Atlantizm
The definition of problems. The modern world is characterized by its unprecedented grand scale of civilization and globalization shifts that certainly makes a definitive influence on the government and corporate strategy in all countries and requires the adaptation of economic models and their operation to new challenges. Most notable for the international community and for individual states - in terms of transformation, restruction and domination - there are two main processes developing at one time: on the one hand, the increasing globalization of the world characterized by the hegemony of corporate capital and the formation of international, regional , local, transnational integration structures, but on the other hand - the growing of national identity, there is a clear delineation of essential-spatial boundaries of civilization formations. . These two opposing processes take place in contradictory dialectical connection, complementary and argue each other. Ukraine, which naturally included in the globalization processes and belongs to the world's leading Euro-Atlantic civilization, creating a national model of economic development (which still has not fully defined) should consider these civilization-globalization movement to meet the criteria of efficiency and competitiveness in the international dimension.
Analysis of publications. There are a lot of research by foreign scientists analyzed the contemporary trends of globalization and the development of civilizations and the role of civilization approach . The author expresses its consent or objection to the theoretical position of the mentioned issues such well-known American political scientists, sociologists and economists as S. Huntington, A. Toynbee, A. Toffler, I. Wallerstein, D. Wilkinson, P. Sorokin. The positive is that recently a number of Russian (M. Danilevskyy, L. Syemyennikova, IV Shirokov et al.) And Ukrainian (Yuri Pakhomov, A. Coppelia, Y. Pavlenko, M. Mikhalchenko, N. Hrazhevska, Perxomchuk O . etc..) scientists determine the object of their research and the internal dynamics of the vectors of external influence civilization-globalization However, almost ignored scientists are still possible and the line to adapt to these processes of geo-economic component of national development models that applies to Ukraine.
Aim of research. To identify and analyze the main vectors of globalization-civilization changes in world economic space and their influence on the development of national economies, to present their own approach to the classification and prospects of development the modern civilizations, to reveal the essence of the Euro-Atlantic civilization, and Ukraine's place in it, to show possible mechanisms of adaptation to the economic model of Ukraine modern civilization, globalization shifts in the system of world order and economic.
The main rezults of reseach. The tendency of development world economy and all thus the entire system of international economic relations at the beginning of the third millennium shows that the external environment that surrounds Ukraine becomes increasingly dynamic, fast, undergo significant qualitative changes. We can see the formation of a new model of world order and world management. This process is influenced by three deep transformational changes that have significant geopolitical and geo-economic importance.
Firstly. The world's dominant position is changed: Bipolar world with its intrinsic system of colonial-dependent relationship turns into a multipolar world with a serial system of neocolonial ties. As we know, in the second half of the twentieth century, our world developed by the imperial model, which functioned in the form of antagonistic struggle between two world systems-poles, and in fact - empires. At one pole was the United States, which controlled a number of countries - satellites, dominions and protectorates, the second - the Soviet Union, which advocated the center of the world socialist system and the related combined opposite state, among them, and Ukraine. U.S. economic strength was based on the development of state-monopoly capitalism and transnational corporations (TNC U.S. parent). The basis of the economic power of the USSR was state property system, using cheap (often slave) labor and income redistribution in favor of the state. American and Soviet imperial system formed the basic axis of the architectural structure of bipolar world and the rest of the country in a given geopolitical status was included in the zone of influence of these two states demiurge.
The end of the ХХ century marked collapse of one of the major poles of bipolar world - the Russian-Soviet empire, which last 350 years there on the Eurasian continent. Under their debris was "buried" virtually the entire world socialistic system (WSS), which arose in the twentieth century, especially developed after World War II. As a result of its collapse in Europe and Asia were formed a number of countries, which regained its sovereignty.. Among them was Ukraine, more than three centuries had the status of colonies in the Russian Empire and the country's satellite in the Russian-Soviet empire. The main reason of the collapse in the Soviet Union and in accordance with the WSC was their inability and unwillingness to adapt to new challenges in the world development of productive forces. A scientific and technological revolution has entered into a higher stage of scientific and technological revolution in this period, which then grew into a phase of mass computerization, information technology and the introduction of automatic technologies. The entire system of political, economic, social and spiritual relations, which was based on the strength of the Soviet Union, proved inadequate this call. At the same time the second part of the global system, with centers in the U.S., based on private ownership and the laws of the market was able to absorb innovations qualitatively new stage of development of productive forces.
After the period of the Cold War that waged between two antagonistic systems, the world finally got rid of dichotomous structure. The collapse of the old world system and the formation of a new system of world order and economic activity were particularly evident at the time of the most powerful world financial and economic crisis that began in 2008 and coincided with the current cyclical and structural crisis (financial, banking, raw materials, food, energy, etc.).
On second. Saw an increasing and geo-economic globalization process is exacerbated as the highest form of internationalization in economic life. More and more lose their closed national economy - they show the ability to function effectively only if the optimal integration into the global world economic space there in an important place in the international division of labor and the formation of the relevant organizational and institutional mechanisms for adapting the country's domestic economic development model to the new geo-economic challenges. According to the forecast prominent by American sociologist I. Wallerstein, the current world system with its global economic and political processes is in its deepest crisis on the verge of changes that can lead to entirely new runks.
Thirdly. Global integration is in contradiction with the increasing opposite world process - Revival of the Nation and identity in the form of civilization formations. Continuing the opinion of Academician Yuri Pakhomov that we live in a world that is changing rapidly, not only technologically, scientifically, technically, but also economically and , can logically deduce that the formation of any even civilization national model of economic development, and especially its geo-economic component, is based on an important dimension, as the value Id entity of the country, its membership.
Civilization are determinate differently: as a "local community" (A. Toynbee), as a "cultural community" (S. Huntington), as "the social fabric of society" (D. Wilkinson), as the type of economic society "(E. Toffler ) as a major "cultural super system (P. Sorokin), as" cultural-historical types "(M. Danilevskiy) . We tend to agree with the opinion of the Russian researcher Leonid Syemyennikovoyi that defines civilization as a community of people who share the fundamental aspects of mentality, common fundamental spiritual values and ideals, as well as special features in the stable socio-political organization, economy and culture.
A. Toynbee allocates 47 local civilizations of three generations, five of which live civilizations of the early twentieth century. S. Huntington associated the future development of the world with the interaction of seven or eight major civilizations, including: 1) Western, 2) Confucian (Chinese) 3) Japan 4) Islamic; 5) Hindu, 6) Slavic-Orthodox (where it recognizes and Ukraine) 7) Latin American, 8) African (possibly) [10].
In our opinion, the above parameters (see definition Syemyennikovoyi L.) is now clearly allocated or being in the process of becoming such makro groops / Civilization: 1) Euro-Atlantic, which has two branches - the North American and European (white race civilization, which is based on Christian values, rights, freedoms and private property rights), 2) Chino-Japanese-Korean (civilization yellow race) 3) Muslim (she is currently allocated at the stage of update and strengthen) 4) neo-euroazia (currently it is formed and can become an integral look in the XXI century. Its central core is Russia, which together around countries such as Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan to some extent. neo-Eurasian prototype civilization is CEA), 5) Hindu (an established), 6) Latin American ( are forming), 7) Africa (are forming).
Considering the limited scientific approach that defines civilization mainly on religious grounds, we do not agree with the thesis of S. Huntington that "Europe ends where Western Christianity ends and Islam and Orthodoxy begin" [9, 244]. The Orthodoxy is a branch of Christianity, and therefore can not be in this feature, remove the Euro-Atlantic civilization of the countries of Europe, the Orthodox community which professed Christian faith. Opportunely note that joining the Orthodox Greece, Romania and Bulgaria to NATO and these countries and Cyprus - the European Union confirms the falsity of criteria (primarily talking about the religious character), which uses S. Huntington for the determination of civilizations. . The assignment of states to one or another type of entity civilization has made, firstly, on the basis of its own identity, and secondly, depending on the availability of basic civilization genome. These are two determining factors which can be formed the basis of strategies and models of development in any country.
Ukraine on such objective criteria as the geopolitical situation, spiritual, historical and cultural traditions, is the European branch of the Euro-Atlantic civilization. At the heart of Ukraine as a European nation dominated Euro-Atlantic genome, which it must increase to secure their place in the Euro-Atlantic civilization. Given this model of national capitalism, which, in our opinion, is the only reasonable for Ukraine to have an external (geo) component in the form of model.
Euro-atlantizm characteristics features include:
1.Personal freedoms.
2. The functioning of the economy based on market laws, competition and business ethics.
3. The priority of the institute of private property, which is a native middle class.
4. Strengthening the position of the national bourgeoisie, which is most interested in adding Ukraine to Euro-Atlantic community to protect the interests and smooth business development?
5. Transparent, open management system (both public and corporate), which relies on steel rules of economic processes.
6. Prevent the formation of clan-corporate groups and monopolization of financial-economic activity.
7. Christian moral and ethical business principles.
Ukraine has already progressed to some extent in achieving these Euro-atlantic parameters. In support of this first should be noted that the EU Council of Ministers of December 21, 2005 formally recognized Ukraine as a market economy, it is making U.S. Department of Commerce February 17, 2006 made the decision, the international community reaffirmed the fact that 1) UAH is hard currency; 2) Ukraine's structural reform of the property and the right of private property is inviolable, 3) Ukraine opened for foreign investment and ensuring compliance and protecting investors, 4) the business environment in Ukraine developed independently and freely, the government does not interfere in the pricing mechanism that ensures market nature of business in Ukraine, 5) the relationship between labor and Ukraine are based on a contractual basis, independent trade unions ensures their efficiency. However, the principle of free competition in the Ukrainian economic environment has not yet been implemented fully, because there is dominated the clan-corporate conglomeration, which hinders the development of national small and medium businesses.
Thus, Ukraine has gained considerable and varied potential for securing in the Euro-Atlantic values. However, domestically there is still a subjective basis for the choice of another model, which involves the integration of Ukraine in neo-euroazia civilization community. Most of the pro-governmental political forces in Ukraine is now trying to actually implement abstracts programmed 12 years ago Russian geopolitics, which cast doubt on the country belonging to the Euro-Atlantic community. For example, a leading Russian analyst A. Dugin back in 1997, wrote: Ukraine as a nation didn’t have any geopolitical sense. There are no any cultural lines for universal value, any geographical uniqueness, ethnic’s exclusiveness. It is important to note that a significant part of Ukrainian society is still in captivity stereotypes of common fate with Russia despite the fact that its geopolitically-civilizational paradigm is fundamentally different from the Ukrainian. Post communistic, including post-Soviet European countries showed that most Euro-Atlantic development model is most effective as creating mechanisms for the release, prosperity and growth of human welfare. That model is now implementing the following countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Slavic as Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Orthodox Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus. Before joining Euro-Atlantic community and the Baltic countries. Thus, Ukraine show the way for entry into the system. And there is not any antagonisms may occur on the spiritual, national, ethnic levels. However, please note that no entrancing country into European and Euro-Atlantic structures should not be obstacle to entering it into the Euro-Atlantic civilization.
Clearly, not all Ukrainian researchers even believe that Ukraine is an integral part of the Euro-Atlantic civilization. Typically, the thesis about the uncertainty brought civilization identification of Ukraine, that it is in the midst of any civilization or, conversely, is located at the crossroads of civilizations, between several poles of attraction 4 On the one hand, such theoretical positions are justified given the special historical fate of Ukraine, but on the other hand, we have to form such a development model that is oriented to the future, which is a strategic priority of strengthening our country into Euro-Atlantic community.
This should take into account that today in the global cultural space are forming a number of parallel processes: first, the growing desire of civilizations to strengthen its foundation of authenticity, and secondly, the source of wars ripen differences associated with the differentiation of economic, military, political and ethical and humanitarian potential of certain civilizations, thirdly, the globalization movement laid the foundations of competition between civilizations, which sometimes gets hard and sometimes conflicting forms, fourth, continuing search for effective mechanisms of cooperation and partnership of civilizations.
Analyzing trends in modern civilization, the researchers are doing different accents, highlighting certain processes as a priority. For example, according to S. Huntington, the end of the Cold War becomes a dominant process of growth of civilization differences result in future conflicts and even clashes between civilizations. He is trying to prove that in the new world, the most common, important and dangerous conflicts take place not between social classes, rich and poor, or other economically deterministic groups and between peoples belonging to different cultural communities "[9]. But most scientists generally believe that a clash of civilizations - the extreme form of this relationship and it should not complain because it just inflames conflicts, but instead to improve the capacity of local partnerships civilizations. 5 In this same direction tend to act and international organization. To grade wars conflicts were increasingly formed surface (not least through the activation of the Muslim civilization, which is very aggressive), UN GA Resolution her № 53/22 of November 4, 1998 declared 2001 the Year of Dialogue among United Nations Year Civilizations United Nations of Dialogue among Civilizations / / UN Documents Gathering a Body of Global Agreements A/RES/53/22, 4 November 1998. - Mode of access: http://www.un-documents.net/a53r22.htm
In our opinion, the current world order is increasingly shaped by a fierce competition of different centers of civilization. The first center - a strong Euro-Atlantic civilization that unites two continents - Europe and North; second center - Japan-Sino-Korean and Hindu civilization; third - Muslim (Islamic) civilization. Now you can also talk about the formation of the fourth center - Eurasian civilization. There is destruction of feudal relations that connected the center of various world civilizations and controlled his country. Now on geo-economic level, more competitive developing relations between the so-called countries - the leaders of civilization, which focused on the accumulative model of development (the most powerful of them - the United States, the European Union as a geo-economic agglomeration, China, India, Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina), and countries -outsiders (loser), which focused on consumer model development and carnival way of existence. For this group of countries characterized by rapid and total depletion of their spiritual, physical, human and natural potential, wealth in general.
Countries that are a leaders of civilization, aimed to build another model of the modern world - in fact, a new civilizational-globalization of the universe. It is clearly seen in the example of the "twenty" (note - no longer "Eight") is the most advanced in its socio-economic parameters of. World leaders in the core not only expanded quantitatively, but qualitatively transformed. The formation of G-20, which includes and Euro-Atlantic countries and countries belonging to the other centers of world civilization, means that the world go to a geo-economic models based on different and evolving civilization paradigm. Countries - the leaders of civilization formations that simultaneously occupy the leading position in the globalization ties, creating a transnational network, which has become the basis of geo-economic enclaves. They are based in countries outsider as a mini-casts, copying civilizational matrix of metropolises. Global economic interest in the past is that in these way enclaves, "the occupiers" to subjugate the economies of the outsiders-serving geo-economic center of civilization.
In the example of Ukraine shows clearly how this system is geo-economic enclaves. At this stage in our country there are American, Russian, Chinese, Latin American, Hindu, German, Israeli enclave. They exploit and exhaust the economic potential of Ukraine, which currently has the status of countries in the Euro-Atlantic civilization outsider system and developing a model for consumer carnival of nations, based not on the creation and spending at the national wealth.
Strengthening of such geo-economic model is a threat to world order as creating clearly defined dividing line between civilizations and enhance the power of globalization, the world's centers of civilization. So may the civilizational hierarchy closed - neokolonializm kind of civilization that is at the level of total depletion not only national economic wealth of countries outsiders, but also spiritual, intellectual, actually vital forces controlled the peoples of these countries. Sooner or later the territory of the country into a zone neokolonizmu where accommodated and will lead the financial and economic activities of its civilization metropolitan countries.
Thus, today there is a transition from global structure of civilization to dominance of the metropolises, the power which developed the system based on their geo-economic enclaves in other countries, especially in countries outsiders. The most successful leaders of civilization will be States that will be able to effectively use the latest achievements of information, technological and computer revolution.
Given the current global trends Ukraine must establish and implement such a model of economic development, realization of which will enable it to organically integrate the new global civilization world economic order. To do this, there are prerequisites: our country first, is located in the heart of Europe and geographically and values belong to the Euro-Atlantic civilization, the second is at the intersection of two geopolitical and geo-economic axis, namely: West - East (which to some extent already exhausted itself) and the North - South (development of which is very promising and urgent strategy).
The economic model of Ukraine can be adapted to modern civilization, globalization shifts due to the practical implementation of such mechanisms.
1. Ukraine has to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - the most powerful international political-military-scientific structure, an organization dedicated to the implementation of the Euro-Atlantic civilization paradigm. Events of the last decade have shown that the presence of Ukraine in abeyance leads to greater economic, political and social crisis in the country.
Today's globalization, transnationalization of economic and information space requires an appropriate security system, which would become the foundation of a stable and secure economic development. Such a system should be transparent, powerful, function as a cohesive body, as an international organization dedicated to building a democratic Europe, maintain peace, stability and freedom. In the world there is only one NATO, which, actually, and provides protection of thesuch organization Euro-Atlantic values and economic development of its member countries.
Ukraine's accession to the North Atlantic Alliance will give a significant boost to the economy, as will: improve the living standards of Ukrainian citizens, their acquisition of the standards inherent in communities of all countries - members of NATO rapid formation of a strong middle class as the main subject and bearer of Euro-Atlantic development model (currently its share in the social structure of Ukrainian society does not exceed 25%) increase opportunities for economic development and attracting investment to Ukraine, where she now almost devoid of the creation of conditions for the diversification of supply sources for oil and gas, because there will not be obstacles in the formation of joint transportation systems energy from Turkey, Poland, Slovakia and other countries - NATO members, the smooth flow of capital, resources, technologies, information within the Euro-Atlantic system.
In Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty states: "Parties shall encourage the further development of friendly international relations by strengthening their international institutions, bringing about a better understanding of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by promoting conditions of stability and prosperity. They seek to eliminate conflict in their foreign trade and encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them.
Today Ukraine is ready to objectively to join NATO. We have successfully pass the phase of the Intensified Dialogue, begun implementation of an annual national program - Ukraine and NATO in the near term can acquire full membership in the Organization. Because of this and should begin the path our country to the Euro-Atlantic community.
To implement this task, Ukraine, in our opinion, we should use the mechanism proposed by the time the Vilnius Ten "- the structure created by 10 countries in late 1990 to provide mutual assistance towards membership in NATO and the European Union. Now for NATO membership actually claimed eight countries, namely: Estonia, Georgia and Ukraine, Moldova, Serbia and Montenegro (uprytul who came to this decision), Azerbaijan and Armenia (which also express the Euro-Atlantic aspirations). Undoubtedly, the efforts of individual countries can unite and make them more effective, if simultaneous policy towards NATO membership. Using the experience of dozens of Vilnius will allow Ukraine to coordinate their activities with other candidates for NATO membership, and thus speed up the issue concerning entry into the Alliance.
2. In the economic model of Ukraine shall be established tools that will give her an opportunity to integrate into the European Union - an international structure, whose work provides financial and economic foundation of Euro-Atlantic civilization. In our opinion, Ukraine should enter the process of forming a second division of the European Union as a regional economic organizations such as ASEAN, which formed the South-East Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and others).. Participation in this organization gave them to be sufficiently effective in a competitive race with Australia, Japan and other developed countries. In the same way trying to overcome its transitional, uncertain and civilizational postsystem and Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay), who created an international regional economic organization MERCOSUR (MERCOSUR). Given this experience, Poland and Ukraine can take the initiative to form such a regional economic organization that will operate in the form of the Baltic-Black Sea-Caspian economic partnership, the southern branch of which is GUAM.
3. In Ukrainian society to fully debunk the myth that the interests of Ukraine meets its neutral status. When some experts compare our country to neutral Switzerland, Austria, Finland or Sweden, then there is an analogy with the model of society is utopia, T. Campanella described in the book "Sun City". The use of such utopias on the Ukrainian environment is extremely dangerous. In this regard, we remind you that Switzerland is neutral within the Euro-Atlantic civilization and the last 400 years has the unique status of the financial and banking center, which provides cash flow stability on the European continent. Switzerland is also connected with the Euro-Atlantic system, including the EU, many partnership agreements and joint activities and is a single Schengen area. And Austria, Finland and Sweden, though not members of NATO, but actually under his protection, because members of the European Union. So now none of the European countries de facto can not be considered neutral. But Ukraine, which only recently got rid of colonial dependence and is in sufficiently low levels of economic development can not be a neutral country. It's a myth that disorientation of Ukrainian population.
4. Ukraine is now necessary to take a clear position on participation in the geopolitical and geo-economic groups that emerged in post-Soviet space. First of all, talking about the CIS. The membership of Ukraine to Euro-Atlantic civilization and implementation models euroatlantism incompatible with the presence of our country within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and SES. Ukraine is to gradually distance themselves from those organizations that demonstrate their inefficiency and not able to develop common tools that provide a competitive development of their members.
5. An important and urgent for Ukraine is the revival of economic power axis of the North - South (way "from the Varangians to the Greeks), on which our country has a strategic position. We believe that the geopolitical and geo-economic resource efficient development of the economic model of Ukraine is on the one hand, on the southern axis of the vector that passes through the Black Sea to North Africa (western branch) and through Georgia and Azerbaijan to Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh countries of Central Asia (eastern branch). The key country for Ukraine is also Turkey, through which we will have access to the Persian Gulf and Iraq. On the other hand, our geopolitical and geo-economic perspective is to build the northern direction of the Baltic-Black Sea axis, which, except for Ukraine, situated in Poland, the Baltic states and Scandinavia. Strengthening economic relations with countries that are in the south and north vectors of the Baltic-Black Sea axis, in our opinion, are key elements of the model situated of Ukraine, its national and economic security.
Perspective for Ukraine is to create a Baltic-Black Sea energy corridor. In the Black Sea region after the introduction of the pipeline Baku - Supsa, annual capacity is 5 million tons (and may be increased to 10 million tons), quickly emerging market oil. Its supply through this pipeline will allow Ukraine to diversify its sources of energy and ensure energy security of our country. In addition, when the pipeline starts to operate reverse type Odesa - Brody - Adam's Bail - Polotsk for Ukraine opens another channel of supply of oil - through the Baltic Sea. Such projects are very urgent for our country, because the use of traditional (including Russian) channels transporting oil and gas in Ukraine is increasingly difficult.
Thus, accession to NATO and the establishment of relations of association with the European Union for Ukraine to be the main priority fields. The experience of countries that passed this way, evidence of the positive results of such a course. However, Ukraine is not yet ready for integration into the EU. To adapt to his standards, we need at least 15 years. However, entering the North Atlantic Alliance, Ukraine will significantly advance the achievement of those standards, as NATO and the EU put forward a lot of common requirements for the candidates - a radical social, economic and political reforms, strengthening of the democratization of society, the elimination of clan-corporate groups, creating state conditions for freedom of speech, free access to information, establishing an independent judiciary, the middle class, small and medium national bourgeoisie.
Conclusions. Trends globalization and civilizational development of economic and political facets of the world space induce Ukraine to form and implement economic model, which should be adequate to new challenges. Euro-Atlantic orientation of this model results in a faster appearance of signs of stabilization, growth and viability of the national community and economy of our country. Thus Ukraine could position itself as a strong bastion of Euro-outpost of civilization that opposite processes of destabilization and aggression challenges that threaten it (and the region as a whole) from the East. Finally, the chain is broken and the abyss of rejection between Ukraine and Europe - and then our country will become a full part of the Euro-Atlantic community.
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Scientific economic journal
"Current Economic Issues" №2(104)/2010
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